God, Self, And World In Teachings Of Ramana Maharishi Essays

God, Self, And World In Teachings Of Ramana Maharishi God, Self, and World In The Spiritual Teachings of Ramana Maharishi, a pupil asks, Should I do whatever it takes not to support the enduring scene? Ramana Maharishi answers, If God has made the world, it is his business to take care of it, not yours. Ramana Maharishi's reaction presumes numerous things about the idea of God, Self, and the world. It shows that the regular perspective on ethical quality and along these lines, the supporter's inquiry, isn't right. A point that Ramana Maharishi makes commonly in his lessons is that . . . the Self itself is God (Maharishi 8). On the off chance that you see God taking all things together, at that point you should see God in the Self. Since God is a statement of the Self, so as to see God in Self, you must be God. Ramana Maharishi says that if God is separated from the Self, He should be a sacrificial God, which is foolish (Maharishi 64). Subsequently, on the off chance that association with God was something that must be gotten, at that point it isn't genuine and just a dream. Ramana Maharishi says that the Self is the main conscious item. There is nothing separated from the Self (Maharishi 22). The Self is the wellspring of everything. Nothing happens that isn't identified with the Self. The Self is the force and the ground for everything that we do. You never need to locate the Self. The Self is as of now there. It is never isolated from us. Ramana Maharishi says that what isn't perpetual does not merit taking a stab at. So I state the Self isn't reached. You are the Self; you are now That (Maharishi 61). To ask how one can locate the Self is to assume that the Self should be found. Ramana Maharishi likewise makes the point a few times to the devotee that his concern is viewpoint. The inquiry is as often as possible posed to How would i be able to achieve Self-acknowledgment? (Maharishi 61). Ramana Maharishi discloses to the supporter that Realization is not something to be picked up over again; it is as of now there. All that is essential is to dispose of the idea I' have not understood (Maharishi 61). The supporter is posing the inquiry from a condition of non self - acknowledgment, a bogus information about the world. Ramana Maharishi discloses to the follower that the world as we probably am aware it isn't genuine. The world has no perpetual autonomous reality or substance. The world has a family member or customary reality. The conviction that the world exists independently and autonomously from us, is the deception. The psyche makes the world that we see through our faculties. The Self alone is the main changeless free reality or substance. So as to evacuate the world that is seen we need to calm the psyche. Maharishi asks the pupil, and I'm not catching Stillness' meaning? It implies Destroy yourself' (Maharishi 64) This is on the grounds that from the idea of I the world emerges. The world is consistently the equivalent. What changes is ones information on it. Ramana Maharishi accepts that the ordinary perspective on ethical quality isn't right. The view that everything is discrete from one another is just a matter of viewpoint. Ramana Maharishi says that there are no others' to blend in with. The Self is the main Reality (Maharishi 64). The devotee's inquiry is a dualistic perspective on profound quality. At the point when we make individuals great and awful, this implies thusly we are not them. On the off chance that we saw everybody as ourselves that implies that the individual would need to surrender something. The conscience is the wellspring of this view. Independence emerges with the conscience. Be that as it may, the self image doesn't need to vanish. Rather, we should not recognize ourselves with it. We should revoke our bogus thought regarding ourselves. It's our contemplating our lives and employments that should be changed. Ramana Maharishi says that the inclination I work' is the hinderence (Maharishi 43). Our genuine lives an d occupations remain the equivalent. Ramana Maharishi needs the devotee to understand that you can't help other people until you help yourself, and thus, by helping yourself you help other people. On the off chance that you simply deal with your Self and love your Self, you are helping the enduring scene. Spiritualists help

Do You Think Footballers Deserve

Despite the fact that warriors offer a progressively important support. All footballers do is kick a ball around a field and groan that they don't get sufficiently paid while troopers are over in another nation taking a chance with their lives to ensure our own going through months on end away from their families. This happened to my more seasoned sibling he was sent on a voyage through Afghanistan for nine months and he missed the introduction of his child (his first words, his initial steps) he even missed our moms demise and funeral.Footballers don't need to do that they can simply leave preparing on the off chance that they have a crisis! A few people feel that when officers join to join the military they comprehend what they are getting not and its their own decision and they aren't being constrained into the military. I think these individuals are coldhearted. Besides, I accept that the cash footballers get paid could be put to all the more likely use. In the Premier League alo ne around 200,000,000 pounds are spent on players' pay rates every year! With that cash you could change some of Africa into a first world country.You could give them legitimate lodging, clean interminable flexibly of water, power, schools, medical clinics and particularly occupations. Some may state that footballers do provide for a noble cause and right now give cash to those things yet hello don't give a lot; they could even now give much more! There are some entirely altruistic footballers, for example, Tidier Dragon who burned through 3,000,000 pounds of his wages to building a clinic in his old neighborhood of Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Be that as it may, there are other people who give nothing.One man can't change the world! Another motivation behind why numerous players shouldn't get paid so much is on the grounds that the greater part of them simply squander it. Karri Benzene is a genuine model, he purchased a chrome 3,000,000 pounds Budgets Everyone super game which he scarcely employments. Huge numbers of them purchase moronic futile things that aren't even significant or they take care of business as a joke like one footballer purchased an Oxbow one to make sure he could lose it an overhang another purchased a Lampooning Reverent for one million pounds so he could blow it up.Other individuals may accept that it is their cash and they can do with it what they need however they ought to be progressively capable! They could give some cash to noble cause or save it in investment funds for when they resign. Indeed, even accomplish something advantageous for their family! Moreover, a few footballers don't merit it since some Of them are simply terrible individuals like the undeniable Luis Square, who bit Atman Baked while playing for Ajax against SSP and he yet Barbarian Avionic while playing for Liverpool against Chelsea! He likewise bit Giorgio Chilling at the world cup for Uruguay against Italy.In expansion to this vicious direct he was supremacist to Patr ice Ever by declining to shake his hand, is this man is a decent good example for youngsters? Does he truly have the right to gain thousands every week? Another model is a star Brazilian footballer who tormented and executed his paramour at that point took care of her dissected body to his pet Arteriole's. Goalkeeper Bruno Fernando De Souza who was tipped to play for Brazil in the 2014 World Cup, is blamed for killing model Elise Samurai to abstain from paying kid support after she brought forth his adoration kid.

What Is an Attachment Disorder

What Is an Attachment Disorder Basics Print Attachment Disorder Overview There are two main types of attachment disorders By Amy Morin, LCSW facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our editorial policy Amy Morin, LCSW Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on April 19, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 19, 2020 Verywell / Marina Li More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Most infants develop secure emotional attachments to their caregivers at an early age. They show healthy anxiety when their caregiver is absent and they show relief when they’re reunited. Some infants, however, develop attachment disorders because their caregivers aren’t able to meet their needs. They’re unable to bond with their caregivers and they struggle to develop any type of emotional attachment. Attachment disorders are treatable but early intervention is important. Without treatment, children with attachment disorders may experience ongoing issues throughout the course of their lives. The Importance of Attachment Repeated positive experiences with a caregiver helps infants develop a secure attachment. When an adult responds to a baby’s cries by feeding, changing, or rocking her, the baby learns she can trust the adult to keep her safe and care for her needs. Children who are securely attached tend to: Form better relationships with othersSolve problems more readilyTry new things and explore independentlyHave less extreme responses to stress Infants who experience negative or unpredictable responses to a caregiver may develop an insecure attachment style. They may see adults as unreliable and they may not trust them easily. Children with insecure attachments may: Avoid peopleExaggerate distressShow anger, fear, and anxietyRefuse to engage with others Types of Attachment Disorders The DSM-V recognizes two distinct attachment disorders: disinhibited social engagement disorder and reactive attachment disorder. A classic sign of disinhibited social engagement disorder is overfriendliness with strangers. A child may seek comfort from a stranger, sit on a stranger’s lap, and not exhibit any distress when a caregiver isn’t present. Reactive attachment disorder is a disorder of infancy or early childhood that involves a failure to seek comfort from a caregiver. A child with reactive attachment may resist physical comfort from a caregiver, avoid eye contact, and be hypervigilant. Most children with reactive attachment disorder display a variety of problematic behaviors. Comorbid Conditions Attachment disorders go beyond just not having a close relationship with caregivers. Children with attachment disorders are likely to struggle academically, socially, emotionally, and behaviorally. They are at a higher risk of developing legal issues during adolescence as well. Children with attachment disorders tend to have lower IQs. They are also at a higher risk of having language problems. They’re more likely to have psychiatric disorders as well. A 2013 study that examined children with attachment disorders found that: 52 percent had ADHD29 percent had oppositional defiant disorder29 percent had conduct disorder19 percent had PTSD14 percent had an autism spectrum disorder14 percent had a specific phobia1 percent had a tic disorder Overall, 85 percent of the children had another psychiatric condition in addition to having an attachment disorder. Attachment disorders may also be linked to psychopathic traits. A 2018 study found that children with attachment disorders were more likely to exhibit callous and unemotional traits. While there is evidence the two are linked, there’s no proof that attachment disorders cause an individual to become a psychopath. What to Know About Comorbidity Populations Most Likely to Develop Attachment Disorders No one knows exactly why some children develop attachment disorders while others living in the same environment don’t. But, researchers agree there is a link between attachment disorders and significant neglect or deprivation, repeated changes in primary caretakers, or being reared in institutional settings.   Attachment disorders are fairly rare in the general populations. Children in foster care or children who have been institutionalized are the greatest risk. Attachment disorders are often recognized around a child’s first birthday. The earliest warning signs often include failure to thrive or disinterest in interacting. Most children with attachment disorders have experienced serious social neglect. Quite, often they experience trauma or frequent changes in caregivers. Populations most at risk include: Children who have had many different foster care providersChildren who have spent time in an orphanageChildren who have experienced multiple traumatic eventsChildren who were taken away from a primary caretaker after forming a healthy bond Possible Link to Personality Disorders in Adulthood Children don’t grow out of attachment disorders on their own. Their symptoms may shift as they grow older, but if left untreated, they are likely to continue to have ongoing problems into adulthood, including difficulty regulating their emotions. Treatment The most important aspect of helping a child develop a secure attachment involves a stable, healthy environment. A child who continues to bounce from foster home to foster home or one who resides in an orphanage isn’t likely to develop a healthy bond with a caregiver. Even when a child with an attachment disorder is placed in a loving home with a consistent caregiver, the symptoms won’t immediately resolve. They tend to push their caregivers away and the behavior problems often repel those around them. They usually require intensive ongoing treatment. Mental health treatment that involves the caregivers can help children learn to develop more secure attachments. Comorbid conditions should also be treated. Find Support With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs A Word From Verywell If you are considered about your child’s attachment, talk to your pediatrician. Your pediatrician can conduct an initial evaluation and rule out any medical issues. You and your child may be referred for a psychological evaluation. Mental health professionals have a variety of tools they can use to assess a child’s attachment and determine if an attachment disorder may be present.

Health Promotion And Disease Prevention - 996 Words

Health promotion and disease prevention encompass many similar contributing factors. Disease prevention is often defined as a medical based model targeting a person’s biology not the person as a whole and focuses on maintaining one’s health (Tengland, 2010). Where health promotion involves activities of wellbeing and the goal is to improve the bodies state of health (Tengland, 2010). Although these two concepts may be approached and implemented differently behavioral risk factors play major roles in defining and managing both professional activities. Today chronic illness not infectious disease, is the largest cause of death in the United States (U.S.) (Knickman Kover, 2015, p. 120). The leading preventable diseases in the U.S. are cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Hancock Cooper, 2011). Lifestyle changes can have a profound effect on preventable chronic illnesses by understanding the behavioral ri sk factors. The World Health Organization (WHO) list four behavioral risk factors; tobacco use, alcohol misuse or risky drinking, physical activity, and diet and obesity for the population goals to reduce preventable disease (Knickman Kover, 2015, p. 122). This essay will focus on physical activity effecting the state of Georgia using the population based intervention model, by looking into upstream, midstream, and downstream interventions. To provide a well-structured intervention model for theShow MoreRelatedHealth Promotion And Disease Prevention871 Words   |  4 PagesChronic disease is one of the leading causes of death. People get a chronic disease because of tobacco use, poor diet, lack of physical activities and host among others things. The question is why we are not taking on the initiative on improving the quality of life by at eliminating the things that causes chronic diseases. Lately, there have been numerous of debates on whether prevention or treatment saves money. Some have argued that the prevention cannot save money, but rather increases the costRead MoreHealth Promotion And Disease Prevention1000 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Health promotion is an attempt to improve the health status of an individual or community, and is concerned with the prevention of disease, though this is not its only purpose, as health is not merely the absence of disease† ( Maben, Clark, 1995, p. 1163). Health prom otion is commonly used term in health care world, and in current society the promotion of health has greater significance, especially with the rise in consumerism. Health promotion is a vital concept for nursing, symbolizing notionsRead MoreHealth Promotion And Disease Prevention1239 Words   |  5 Pagesbe anything wrong with living that way, the US Department of Health and Human Services (Healthy People 2020, 2010) set out to create a program to promote health across all stages of life. That is where Healthy People 2020 comes in. Healthy People 2020 is an approach with a set purpose, a list of multi sector priorities, and a program which affects nursing practice/patient care (Healthy People 2020, 2010). The US Department of Health and Human Services developed the â€Å"Healthy People† program overRead MoreHealth Promotion And Disease Prevention1909 Words   |  8 PagesHealth Promotion Model One of the major issues within healthcare that should resonate with a registered nurse is health promotion and disease prevention. Health promotion is defined by the World Health Organization as, â€Å"the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health† (Health Promotion, 2014). An important nursing model that expounds on this concept is the health promotion model (HPM) developed by nursing theorist Nola Pender. Pender’s nursing model integratesRead MoreHealth Promotion And Disease Prevention3437 Words   |  14 Pages In question one, I identify health promotion and disease prevention in the field of heart failure (HF) as my specific research focus. The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) cites the need to promote innovations that empower individuals to make decisions about their health and become personally involved in disease prevention and illness management (Research, 2011). Individuals with heart failure must maintain wellness and recognize signs of cardiac decompensation in order to respond promptlyRead MoreBarriers to Health Promotion and Disease Prevention1563 Words   |  7 PagesHealth promotion has been defined as the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and to improve it. This process requires personal participation and supportive environments. For people with disabilities, however, personal participation is often limited by non-supportive environments. Lack of knowledge on how to modify programs to meet specific needs, poor attitudes, and unfriendly environments often creates insurmountable barriers to participation for many people with disabilitiesRead MoreHealth Promotion And Disease Prevention Program Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pagesthe alarm, or school, your health is your own responsibility, and that includes sleep. Sleep health has received national attention, with various studies evaluating sleep patterns of the nation, determining the consequences of i nadequate sleep, and designating goals to meet in the future. The healthy people program, which in 2010 determined sleep-health a significant topic, intends to improve this problem. Healthy People 2020 is a health-promotion and disease-prevention program focusing on obtainableRead MoreMedical Health Promotion And Disease Prevention Plan1467 Words   |  6 PagesMental health Theory Professor: Prof. Patricia Powers Introduction The nationwide health promotion and disease prevention plan, Healthy People 2020, recognizes that mental health promotion and mental health reduction as one of the most significant health objectives. Statistic indicated that mental health disorders are the leading cause of disability in United States and Canada, while suicide is the 11th leading cause of death that killed approximately 30,000 American each year (â€Å"Mental Health and MentalRead MoreReligion And Health Promotion, Disease Prevention, And Illness953 Words   |  4 PagesMany religious customs and laws extend from the early apprehensions involved with economic needs as well as health and safety regarding the consumption of certain foods or liquids. These issues resulted from the lack of preservation and purification techniques for foods and liquids and the concern of the scholars, usually the religious, in connection to health promotion, disease prevention, and illness (Waibel, n.d.). However, the views of the past d iminish with the advent of electricity and ourRead MoreHealth Promotion Program Proposal On Lyme Disease Prevention1634 Words   |  7 Pages Health Promotion Program Proposal on Lyme disease Prevention My health promotion program will focus on Lyme disease. My state-Maryland is number one in the list of top ten states for Lyme disease in United States. According to Physicians Now (2016), Although there were fewer cases of Lyme disease reported in 2012 than in previous years, the illness is still more common in Maryland than in many other states. There were 1,113 confirmed cases and 538 suspected cases in 2012, according to the Centers

Analysis Of The Fly By William Blake - 1288 Words

William Blake â€Å"The Fly† We are just a small portion of the universe, it is not to our knowledge as humans to know what is beyond us. We are trapped in a system, being run by beliefs and fears. The fly is insignificant compared to Blake, weak and annoying. God being superior to Blake just as he is to the fly. Blake is seen as a religious believer; thus, this supports the argument that he would have a deeper meaning within the poem. Symbolizing the fly as life and death. The speaker uses first person point of view to compare himself to the fly. In the second stanza Blake states â€Å"Am not I A fly like thee?...A man like me?† (Line 5, 6 and 8). Asking himself if he is like the fly or the fly is like him in a way that they are similar together†¦show more content†¦Having the reader think about life and death in a way that life is too short to not do what you love because death can come at you by surprise. Similar to what had happened to the fly. In compariso n Blake questions if he has a similar life to the fly. Using similes in the second stanza he expresses â€Å"A fly like thee?...A man like me?† (Line 6 and 8). Both lines use the term â€Å"like†. The first â€Å"like† is asking if he appears to be the fly. The second â€Å"like† shown is asking if the fly has corresponding assets to the man. On the whole Blake asks personally in his mind if he has an indistinguishable connection with the fly, he shifts back and forth questioning who is like the other. They each see one another in a different light. Blake uses appropriate metaphors in his poem The Fly to get his thought across to the reader. â€Å"If thought is life And strength and breath, And the want Of thought is death,† (Blake 12-16) A thought cannot have a physical life nor can it be strong whist breath. A thought is something in your mind, something that can controls you. The mind disconnects from your physical body. The more information you hold the more you will be afraid of death. Then again would you rather know more and live in fear or know less and live more carefree? All knowing does not mean all powerful. Life and death can’t literally have a â€Å"thought†. Though giving objects a sense of expressions and human like characteristics can bring this poemShow MoreRelatedPoetry Analysis Between Taylor Swift and William Blake976 Words   |  4 Pagesrelationships is a theme explored in many poems. The songs Long Live by Taylor Swift and the poems The Sick Rose and The Garden of Love by William Blake all question and explore the theme of love. The song, Long Live, by Taylor Swift, was written in 2010. At first listening to the song, we hear a fun, buoyant song about love, friendship and loss. However, careful analysis reveals a complex piece of poetry that relies on its strong imagery and upbeat tune to convey strong meaning to the audience. EssentiallyRead MoreIn Many Ways, Poetry Has The Ability To Shape The Minds1226 Words   |  5 Pageswas William Blake. His poetry has inspired much change in both the past and the present. An analysis of â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper,† one of Blake’s most popular works, can help many to understand the significance of his work in a time period when social riot was visible in the public’s eyes. By exploring the writing style, structure and imagery in this poem, as well as identifying the importance of symbolism, a conclusion can be made concerning the purpose of this poem. Learning more about William BlakeRead More Analysis of The Sick Rose Written by William Blake Ess ay661 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of The Sick Rose Written by William Blake. O rose, thou art sick! The invisible worm That flies in the night, In the howling storm, Has found out thy bed Of crimson joy, And his dark secret love Does thy life destroy. In this essay, I chose to write a bout â€Å"The Sick Rose†, which is a short poem written by William Blake, focusing on the metaphorical language and the symbolism used in it. Though this poem is difficult, I like its deeper meaning and the symbolism. I thinkRead MoreEssay British Poetry4052 Words   |  17 Pages1953, The Movement as the new tendency was called had obtained a coherence. The work of its poets nurtured rationality, was inhospitable to myth, was conversationally pitched (although lacking the speech rhythms of American counterparts like William Carlos Williams (1883-1963) and was deliberately formal and clear. Movement poets opposed modernism and had little truck with international influences. They regarded themselves as a direct continuation of mainstream English tradition. There were few sparksRead MoreRevised Marketing Plan for Qantas5972 Words   |  24 Pagesbased on the attractiveness of each segment and the degree of competitive advantage. Source: STP Market segmentation (n.d.) The benefits of targeting are immense. A few of them include, ability to focus resources on better segments, help in analysis of competitors, assists in better understanding a limited market, improves the communication between the seller and buyer etc (STP Market segmentation, n.d.). 1.2.3 Positioning Developments of a more appealing offer for each segmentRead MoreFrancis Bacon15624 Words   |  63 Pagesworldly terms. On one hand, he preached high moral principles and on the other hand, he also expressed a mean capacity by compromising upon those morals for the sake of worldly success. For this reaon, William Blake, a spiritual poet says about his essays:   â€Å"Good advice for Satan’s Kingdom.† Blake considers any utilitarian advice contrary to God’s ways, but Bacon does not bother for that. He considers this world more important and striving after the success in this world is equally important. BaconRead MoreWho Goes with Fergus11452 Words   |  46 PagesFergus example and leave the cares of the world to know the wisdom of nature. He exhorts young men and women alike to leave off brooding over loves bitter mystery and to turn instead to the mysterious order of nature, over which Fergus rules. Analysis This short poem is full of mystery and complexity. It was James Joyces favorite poem, and figures in his famous novel Ulysses, where Stephen Daedalus sings it to his dying mother. On one level, the poem represents Yeats exhortation to the youngRead MoreMarketing Strategy of Ford Motors18943 Words   |  76 Pagescompetitor’s analysis and customers. So, if the business fails it means it fails to implement all these elements. So, the companies must have a precise approach when developing and implement the marketing strategy. (Porter, 2006) From the perspective of marketing strategy it is clear that the boom in the automobile industry begun in 1994 and has been characterised by intensification of competition between the automobile companies in different part of the world. Subsequent analysis and the studiesRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesï » ¿TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS The purpose of Text Interpretation and Analysis is a literary and linguistic commentary in which the reader explains what the text reveals under close examination. Any literary work is unique. It is created by the author in accordance with his vision and is permeated with his idea of the world. The reader’s interpretation is also highly individual and depends to a great extent on his knowledge and personal experience. That’s why one cannot lay down a fixed â€Å"model†Read MoreOrganization Restructuring26680 Words   |  107 Pagesprovided, along with a list of relevant references. Most summaries provide the following information, though some will have more or less. 1. NAME OF INTERVENTION: Most commonly used name, along with alternatives. 2. TARGET LEVEL(S) OF ANALYSIS: Is it directed toward organization-wide, group/ unit/ department, or individual change? 3. PURPOSE OF THE INTERVENTION: What is the primary goal of the intervention? 4. EFFECTIVENESS CRITERIA: What are the most appropriate outcomes (behaviors

In Cold Blood †the court case Free Essays

Defendant of clutters: In today’s case a young girl, named Susan, tells a story of how an innocent, well known family get murdered. In this plea for justice she describes the Clutter family as respectful, social and family oriented. The individual characters are described in a way that makes the jury feel the connection between them as a family , however the case also involves two individuals without whom we would not be here today- the murderers, Perry and Dick. We will write a custom essay sample on In Cold Blood – the court case or any similar topic only for you Order Now If we compare the mannerisms in which the inspector (who examined the case) talks about the family and these two we acknowledge that Perry and dick are seen very negatively and given the label, killers! Whereas he talks about the clutters as though they were his family which then forces the jury to feel a connection to them and thus distance from the offenders; Perry and Dick. Firstly let’s talk about the man of the family, Herb Clutter; a respected man among his society. Herb is recognised as a wealthy and successful man who earned his wealth and status rather than being given it. Being a family man meant that his family also respected him a lot, they would never dare to talk back to him. Mr Clutter was a perfectionist; he was brilliant at every task he dealt with making sure he worked to his full potential. In addition to his hard working attitude he was also a very social man; ‘his name was everywhere’ suggesting he was widely known in his society. Moreover he was a good employer who never exploited his employees. Herb Clutter was a man of dignity and truth he never lied and he always stuck to the rules; ‘laws were laws’. Additionally he was an intellectual man who ‘majored in agriculture’. Knowing all this just makes the act of murdering him all the more sinister, suggesting that he was shown injustice and that the two responsible for the crime should pay the consequences. Later on the barrister mentions Herb’s wife, Bonnie Clutter. He uses this member as a minor detail in the case; bonnie is not seen or thought of as very important in the story thus not mentioned as much. However when she is mentioned, she is described as a weak and unhealthy person -completely opposite to her husband. Your honour if we now take a look at herb clutter’s wife’s medical report we find that Bonnie Clutter suffers from depression which affects her health in many ways. She is also very timid and reclusive. Bonnie is a very different character to Herb as she is very unhealthy, both mentally and physically; ‘on and off psychiatric patient’ as quoted by a valid source suggesting her constant illness. Being ill majority of the time does not help the fact that she may not be totally sane; ‘Do you like tiny things? , this question is not something that a mentally stable person would ask, also her tone of saying it would make her sound mentally unstable. Now what I would like to ask off mr. hickock and his ally is what pleasure did they gain room killing such a fragile thing? What enjoyment could they possibly have felt in committing the sin? Now your honour I would like to introduce you to a very special young lady, someone who wanted happiness, someone who helped everyone, someone who was inspiration to the town of Holcombe, someone who died a horrible death and that someone who is vital to this case†¦. Nancy Clutter, the daughter of Herb and Bonnie Clutter. We are told that Nancy is a 16yearold teenager who undergoes more responsibilities than an average teenage girl. She was pretty and likeable shown by the views of the citizens of Holcombe; ‘town darling’ and ‘pretty girl’. Nancy made it her responsibility to cook for the family and too help the society as much as she could. Also she did all this willingly, ‘would have willingly’. As mature as Nancy was she was very respectful of her father, she would obey his every command and never talk back to him. Overall Nancy is seen as a very efficient and accomplished young lady who was never vain and hence i asked the question what did she do to deserve such torture? Let’s not forget just before killing the innocent teenage girl the offender Mr. hickock had wanted to rape her. Luckily he was stopped but imagine the pain this girl must have endure having two strangers in her home causing harm to all the people she loved the most. This girl was only in her teens and her life ended their for her. Nancy clutter had so much potential and so much to give to the world, yet she wasn’t even given the chance. This was all down to two killers with a greed for money and wealth and they are among us today†¦ Perry and Dick! Perry smith is proved to have a mind of a criminal; his desire for money suggests a certain criminal quality and his skill to be continually self aware allows him to be very manipulative. Consequently increasing the similarities between him and a criminal. There is no doubt that Perry committed this crime. Many have described him as a natural killer- without conscience. Perry is a short man- under the average height of a man of his age. Thus may feel the need to try harder to feel the characteristics of a man. Also Perry is an achoholic which totally goes against the one thing that Herb clutter would not endure. In addition Perry is a dreamer and has also been involved with the police in the past which suggests a huge contrast to herb as he would never go against the law. perry was seen to have said ‘ Cost me 30 bucks’ which is clear evidence of his materialistic view and his love /desire for money. Nevertheless if we look closely at something that has been said regarding Perry,’ a dictionary buff’ we recognise that wishes to be intelligent and so he reads the dictionary in order for him to seem smart using complex vocabulary. However he does not show this through his actions. At a young age Perry also could not, for whatever reason, educate and this left him feeling neglected and unworthy, this maybe the reason for his life of crime but it does not excuse what he has done. If he wished to educate then he could have done other things to accomplish something with life, he had no excuse to lead the life he has. The last character Truman introduces is Perry’s partner in the murder of the Clutters, Perry Hickock. Although this character may not be as successful as Herb Clutter, he was more accomplished than Perry. Dick was a 28 year old mechanic, who came from a descent background; he had been married and divorced twice and had three sons. Dick is created as more humorous and quick-witted than Perry- with more life in him. Truman Capote introduced this character to seem less devious than Perry; he did not seem like a criminal from his introduction. Although he was still distanced from the reader as the reader wanted to emphasise the death of the Clutters later in the book. He wanted the readers to form a pleasant view of the Clutter family before they died for the scene to seem more dramatic and to get the readers to sympathise more for the victims. The author of this book, Truman Capote, introduced the scenes , the characters and a little bit of the story in a way that allowed the reader to form a link ,whether it be negative of positive, between them and that of the characters. How to cite In Cold Blood – the court case, Papers

Greasy Lake Essay Symbolism Example For Students

Greasy Lake Essay Symbolism Greasy Lake While reading Greasy Lake by T. Coraghessan Boyle, the reader notices that the writing voice of Boyle is quite distinct.Boyles voice is distinct because he has a satirical way of writing stories about the everyday life of people.He focuses on the unusual people and their peculiar circumstances, which in Boyles case just adds to his already humorous stories.However, Boyle does not seem to concentrate on satire alone, he writes in a poetic fashion that allows the reader to enter the mind of the characters that he is writing about as well as feel the situations at hand. Boyles distinct way of writing satire is apparent in most of his stories.Boyle wrote an absolutely hysterical story called The New Moon Party.The story highlights a politician named George L. Thorkelsson who was re-elected to the position of Governor because he proposed to get the United States to build a new moon that was bigger and brighter than the existing one. When the new moon was finally built and in space, it was revealed to the public.Boyle writes:Something crazy was going on.The shoving had stopped as it had begun, but now, suddenly and inexplicably, the audience started to undress.Right before me, on the platform, in the seats reserved for foreign diplomats, out over the seething lawn, they were kicking off shoes, hoisting shirt fronts and brassieres, dropping cummerbunds and Jockey shorts.And then, incredibly, horribly, they began to clutch at one another in passion, began to stroke, fondle, and lick, humping in the grass, plunging into the bushes, running around like nym phs and satyrs at some mad Bacchanal.A senator Id known for forty years went by me in a dead run, pursuing the naked wife of the Bolivian ambassador; Miss Iowa disappeared behind the rhythmically heaving buttocks of the sour-faced clergyman . . . (Page 125). Just from looking at the sun reflecting off of the new moon, everyone was sparked with intense sexual desires that continuously intensified until everyone started to have sex in the open.Boyles satirical writing style is not only apparent in the comical situation, but also in his ability to describe the lust of the proper diplomats who are supposed to be the leaders for the moral majority and for clergymen who have sworn to celibacy as a testament to their faith.By having a priest making-love with a model, Boyle portrays the satirical side of his writing voice in the deepest sense by proposing an idea so absurd that its funny. Although hysterically funny, Boyle possesses the ability to write about a character in a way that makes the reader feel like they are actually experiencing the characters feelings and emotions.While reading the story Overcoat II, the reader begins to empathize for the main character, Akaky Akakievich.Akaky buys a very expensive new overcoat from the black market in order to fit in with his peers at work.Akakys peers constantly tease him for having a drab, old, cheap, and torn overcoat.While walking home late one night, Akaky is beaten and has his brand new jacket stolen.The new overcoat is his only chance of being accepted, so its loss is devasating for him.The coat is found by the police, but Akaky cant get it back because he purchased it from the black market.Boyle writes:From that moment on, Akakys life shifted gears, lurching into a rapid and inexorable downward spiral . . . The overcoat, of course, became property of the Soviet government.Akaky left the conference room in a daze he felt as if hed been squeezed like a blister, flattened like a fly.His coat was gone, yes that was bad enough.But everything he believed in, everything hed worked for, everything hed been taught from the day he took his first faltering steps and gurgled over a communal rattle that was gone too (Page 228). .u32e8e5c5afe0097579fc910a29789a73 , .u32e8e5c5afe0097579fc910a29789a73 .postImageUrl , .u32e8e5c5afe0097579fc910a29789a73 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u32e8e5c5afe0097579fc910a29789a73 , .u32e8e5c5afe0097579fc910a29789a73:hover , .u32e8e5c5afe0097579fc910a29789a73:visited , .u32e8e5c5afe0097579fc910a29789a73:active { border:0!important; } .u32e8e5c5afe0097579fc910a29789a73 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u32e8e5c5afe0097579fc910a29789a73 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u32e8e5c5afe0097579fc910a29789a73:active , .u32e8e5c5afe0097579fc910a29789a73:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u32e8e5c5afe0097579fc910a29789a73 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u32e8e5c5afe0097579fc910a29789a73 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u32e8e5c5afe0097579fc910a29789a73 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u32e8e5c5afe0097579fc910a29789a73 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u32e8e5c5afe0097579fc910a29789a73:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u32e8e5c5afe0097579fc910a29789a73 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u32e8e5c5afe0097579fc910a29789a73 .u32e8e5c5afe0097579fc910a29789a73-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u32e8e5c5afe0097579fc910a29789a73:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Internet Censorship Essay Research PaperJust from the way Boyle writes how Akaky feels like he has been squeezed like a blister, the reader is allowed to explore how it would feel to be squeezed in such a way.By imagining that something is pushing so tight around a body that it is forced to emotionally expose itself with a sudden gush of pain and emotion, Boyle creates a feeling of loss and heartache for the reader.In writing how Akaky felt like hed been flattened like a fly, Boyle compels the reader to get into Akakys heart and mind.To be flattened like a fly is to be brushed aside and discarded because of being an annoyance.Boyle describes Akakys heartache from the rejec tion in the simile about a fly being flattened.These similes are what allow Boyles readers to get into the heart and mind of the characters about which he is writing. In conclusion, T. Corraghessan Boyles writing voice is masterful and individualistic.Boyles comedic stories are packed with satire that lighten the mood of the book and provide a few good laughs to the reader.Although filled with burlesque, Boyles stories always leave the reader thinking, whether it is about alternate, deeper meanings of similes or about what the characters are really thinking or feeling.Even though the book is sometimes farfetched, there is never any lack of content.Boyle always provided an unusual twist of humor and reality that leaves the reader with a feeling of satisfaction.

Week Individual Work free essay sample

In 1845, the first women to be hired by the New York City Police Department were called matrons. In 1985, Penny Harrington of the Portland Oregon Police Department became the first female Chief of Police. In 2004 women accounted for only 12. 7 percent of all sworn law enforcement positions in large agencies and the numbers are declining. The percentage of sworn female officers In smaller agencies is even lower. There are many possible reasons for the decline in the number of women In law enforcement.Research shows that woman can be Just as effective as men; uneven hiring practices; selection processes and recruitment policies keep the number of woman artificially low. Often women are screened out early as a result of certain entry level tests that favor upper body strength or previous life experiences. Most women never even consider a career in law enforcement to begin with, due to their misunderstanding of the nature of the Job and the aggressive and authoritarian Images portrayed in the media. We will write a custom essay sample on Week Individual Work or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Once hired women still face discrimination, sexual harassment or even peer intimidation and they often lack the necessary role models or mentors to help them move up the ranks. The under-representation of women at all levels In the modern police agency negatively Impacts the culture and operational efficiency of law enforcement agencies throughout the country. Rookies, because they are the new recruits and are the less experienced offices they tend to be given the grunt Jobs until they have proven themselves at least.They must prove loyalty and knowledge of their Job. It really depends on what police department these rookies Join. Some departments may require rookies to put up with petty Indignities such as public humiliation, being yelled at, and being ordered around. The older officers that do not have a college degree might be Jealous of the rookie officers knowledge and youth and probably treat him unfairly. Rookies should show respect for the older officers. Respect will be earned over time but they have to prove themselves.

Academic Achievement and Physical Fitness

Academic Achievement and Physical Fitness Introduction Increased levels of obesity and poor health standards among students across the United States (US) has brought a lot of focus to student health and more so, the effects of bad health on academic performance (Chomitz, 2009, p. 30).Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Academic Achievement and Physical Fitness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the debate on the correlation between health and academic performance has long been done and concluded. On the other hand, the debate on the correlation between physical activities (as a major health facet for students) and academic performance is only emerging. The benefits of regular physical exercise have been widely acknowledged throughout health and medical circles. For instance, research studies done on animals have come to a conclusion that physical exercising increases neural development while other closely related similar studies have affirmed that physi cal exercising leads to a greater development of neuronal synapses (Grissom, 2005, p. 1). Increased physical activity has also been affirmed to reduce stress levels and equally reduce anxiety, not only among students but also in the general human population as well. These factors have been associated with increased academic performance. In fact, there has been evidence of upcoming research studies suggesting that the lack of physical exercise or inactivity may in the near future overtake the detrimental effects tobacco is known to have on human beings (Grissom, 2005, p. 1). Some sections of the media have also identified that survivors of cancer have a higher likelihood of preventing the occurrence of the disease if they regularly exercise and observe a healthy diet. These findings are likely to develop a new relationship between the learning environment and student cognitive development but more questions still linger on whether the relationship between physical exercises and acade mic achievement can be linked to academic performance when standardized tests are applicable (Kirk, 2006, p. 203).Advertising Looking for thesis on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This point of view is shared by Grissom (2005) who notes that â€Å"Few studies have used standardized fitness measures and standardized test scores in large urban populations or examined the relationship of academic achievement and fitness among elementary and middle school students† (p. 3). However, the same level of optimism about physical exercising in the media and health circles is not evidenced in the educational field as it is in other disciplines as well. In fact, in educational circles, physical education is seen as an extracurricular activity and if there is increased pressure on teachers to improve academic results, often, physical education is the first to be cut-back so that more time is created for ot her academic activities. Many researchers are against this sort of trend because they explain that if physical education exposes a positive correlation with academic excellence, then it would no longer be perceived as an extra curricular activity (Grissom, 2005, p. 1). This study essentially relies on this point of view because apart from the obvious health benefits associated with physical education, there is still a direct link it has to academic excellence. There have been very minimal research done to establish the relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement and those that exist have significant methodology problems that eventually result in the occurrence of significant doubts about their findings. Those that have had a conclusive finding have however suffered the problem of obtaining credible data to support their arguments and therefore their conclusions are not as strong as they should be.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Academic Achievement and Physical Fitness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nonetheless, one of the main factors why many researchers have hit a dead-end in establishing the relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement is because of the fact that it is difficult to obtain valid and reliable measures for both physical fitness and academic excellence. Because of this challenge, this study will make use of the state testing criteria for both variables (academic achievement and physical fitness). From the understanding of the relationship between academic excellence and physical exercise, educationists can therefore be directed on the best channels to direct their resources. Considering the importance of this study in the establishment of positive academic outcomes in schools, this study establishes that there is a positive correlation between physical exercising and academic achievement. Importance of Understanding the Study Understand ing the relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement is very important for educationists and parents alike because it ensures they are aware of the dynamics that relate to the two variables and how it may affect students and children respectively. Teachers and educationists may find the information quite useful in drawing up an effective program that basically integrates both variables for optimum results (Science Daily, 2010, p. 4). In other words, they can be able to easily strike a balance between physical and academic activities for optimum results. This also entails facilitating the development of the right program mixes and policy balances which are overly sensitive to the upheaval of education standards. Also considering most educators are normally under immense pressure to improve academic performance in light of scarce educational resources, this study’s findings are likely to point such people in the right direction by identifying possible areas of effective resource allocation that will consequently lead to the proper utilization of academic resources (Science Daily, 2010, p. 4). Time is one such resource and many schools are often faced with the dilemma of allocating time to the most productive functional areas of education.Advertising Looking for thesis on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From the understanding of the contribution physical education brings to academic performance, time can therefore be allocated to physical education if it is established that it has a significant contribution to academic performance, or on the contrary, time can be cut back if it is established that it does not have a significant contribution to academic performance. Since most educators have often been criticized for not providing holistic education and only focused on academic performance, the findings of this study will be useful to educators and policy makers in establishing the extent through which physical education will affect academic performance because physical fitness is an element of learning that encompasses a holistic education demanded by most people (Science Daily, 2010, p. 4). Moreover, its impact on academic performance will be accurately quantified because academic performance is normally perceived to be the pinnacle of education and most learning institutions woul d not compromise it if they do not have a correct assessment of the impact physical education has on it (academic success). Moreover, in today’s current era of increased competition, many learning institutions have been observed to cut back on the time allocated to physical education in order to have a competitive advantage over others institutions and so the information derived from this study will be useful to learning institutions which do not intend to take this strategy while still uphold good academic performance (Science Daily, 2010, p. 4). Literature Review The concern about children health has been a new issue of concern not only in educational circles but also in social circles. More so, there have been increased concerns about the increased rate of obesity among children and new research studies presented at the American’s Heart Association forum suggest that physical health concerns among students is correlated to the level of academic achievement (Cottrell , 2010). There have been closely related research studies done by Cottrell, an educational researcher at Wood County in America who was trying to establish the relationship between body mass index and academic performance. He suggested that students who had better grades (above average) in Mathematics, science and social studies were in an overall good physical state of fitness while those who were not in good physical fitness (in a period of two years) performed poorly in academics for the two years studied (Chomitz, 2009, p. 30). In affirmation of his findings, he explained that The take-home message from this study is that we want our kids to be fit as long as possible and it will show in their academic performance (Cottrell, 2010, p. 31). He further reiterated that But if we can intervene on those children who are not necessarily fit and get them to physically fit levels, we may also see their academic performance increase (Cottrell, 2010, p. 32). In complementing these findings , auxiliary studies (still done by Cottrell) suggested that students who regularly took part in physical exercises were bound to have a very vibrant adulthood (Cottrell, 2010). In response to these findings, it was established by the American heart association that students should do at least an hour of physical exercising a day so that they are in fit position to enhance their youth and improve their academic performance altogether (Science Daily, 2010). In summing their findings, Medical News (2011) concluded that â€Å"The study suggests that focusing more on physical fitness and physical education in school would result in healthier, happier and smarter children† (p. 11). However, studies done by Grissom (2005) expose an interesting underlying premise behind this positive correlation. In detail, he exposes the fact that the positive correlation between physical fitness and academic success is strongest among female students than males (Grissom, 2005). In the same manner, he observes that the positive correlation between physical fitness and academic achievement is also more evident among higher socioeconomic status than lower strata. Grissom was also involved in another co relational research study presented in the year 2005 and aimed at investigating the relationship between academic achievement and physical fitness. The research study affirmed that, there was a strong relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement (California Department of Education, 2005, p. 1). This conclusion sought to validate previous research findings which also established the positive correlation between physical fitness and academic achievement. The study was done with the knowledge that, previous studies established a positive relationship between academic achievement and physical fitness but it was nevertheless done because previous research evidence acknowledged a missing causal relationship between the two variables. To support the research’s fi ndings, data relating to a previous physical fitness test undertaken in the state of California during the year 2004 were used. The data used was obtained from the Fitnessgram test which is the standard California test used to evaluate students’ fitness levels. The test was administered from February to May of the year 2004 and it was administered to a large sample size of students sought from fifth, seventh and ninth grades. The students were sought from selected public schools in the state of California. With regards to the subject areas studied and the administration time-frame, California Department of Education (2005) explains that, â€Å"The CST scores were measures of academic achievement in English–language arts, mathematics, history–social science, and science. The CSTs were administered in spring 2004 to students in the second grade through the eleventh grade in California public schools† (p. 6). Before the test was undertaken, the demographical information of the respondents was collected according to the requirements of two testing programs used in the study (PFT and CST). The demographic data was used to create matching files to be equated to the various testing criteria of the PFT and CST. The files which posed a matching score had to have data relating to a respondent’s fitnessgram test and the CST test. In this regard, it was easier to compare data relating to PFT and CST. However, the PFT score determined six aspects of a respondent’s fitness including â€Å"the aerobic capacity, body composition, abdominal strength, trunk strength, upper body strength and flexibility† (California Department of Education, 2005, p. 7). These parameters abound, the performance of the respondents was determined in two levels, â€Å"(1) in the healthy fitness zone, which means students met or exceeded the fitness target, or (2) needs improvement, which means students failed to meet the fitness target† (Califo rnia Department of Education, 2005, p. 10). The PFT scores therefore ranged from zero to six, meaning that, if a respondent scored one on the fitness score, he or she would only have satisfied one of the fitness criteria. In the same regard, if a respondent scored six on the fitness score, he or she should have satisfied all the fitness criteria guidelines. In finalizing the methodological application of the research, California Department of Education (2005) establishes that: â€Å"Analyses first calculated the mean scale scores for the CST in English–language arts and the CST in mathematics for each overall PFT score. Second, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and linear regression was used to test the statistical significance of the relationship between the overall PFT and achievement scores† (p. 10). From the above methodology, it was established that, when the PFT scores improved, there was a resultant improvement in the scores of English language test. It was further e stablished that, for students who did not meet the average scale score of the English language, a score of 311 was recorded on the fitness scale (for fifth graders), while students from the seventh and ninth graders who also satisfied the above requirements scored and average of 300 and 304 ( for seventh and ninth graders respectively). Moreover, the California Department of Education (2005) establishes that: â€Å"The average scale score on the CST in English–language arts for fifth-grade students who achieved all six fitness standards was 355. The same scale score for seventh and ninth graders was 350 and 352, respectively. The change in average scale scores on the CST in English–language arts from those who achieved none of the fitness standards to those who achieved all six was around 50 points† (p. 12). These test results showed that, there was a positive relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement because as one variable increased, so di d the other. The mathematics scale scores showed nothing different with the English studies because as the PFT studies improved, the CST scale scores improved as well. This result shows that, there was a strong consistency in the results evidenced from mathematics and English test scores. However, in determining this outcome, it is important to acknowledge that, the analysis of variance and linear regression was important in establishing the statistical validity of the findings. In undertaking the research study, there was concern among the researchers to investigate if there were any significant variations in the character of the respondents (which would ultimately affect the relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement) (California Department of Education, 2005, p. 16). In this regard, the population sample was later broken down into subgroups of girls and boys. It was later established that, there was a consistency of outcome in determining the relationship betw een physical fitness and academic achievement because the relationship between fitness and academic achievement was consistent across the genders. However, though this relationship was considered solid up to this point, it was evidenced that, the change in achievement scores was greater for girls than for boys. Socioeconomic status was also used as a parameter for establishing the relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement and the National school lunch program acted as a proxy for the parameter. Through this proxy, it was established that, students who received free lunch came from a lower socioeconomic status and those who did not, came from a higher socioeconomic status. The same positive relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement was still observed under this parameter but it was established that the rate of scores in academic achievement was greater for students who were under the National school lunch program as compared to those who were not (California Department of Education, 2005, p. 14). The outcome of the study was predictably similar for mathematics and English test scores and in the same manner, the results of seventh and fifth graders were consistent with the results of the fifth graders. Collectively, the results showed that, the positive relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement was stronger for girls than for boys and in the same manner, it was stronger for students from a higher socioeconomic status than for students from a lower socioeconomic status. The biggest strength for the conclusions derived from this study emanates from the fact that, the researchers used the analysis of variance and linear regression as a test of the statistical variance of the conclusions derived. Both linear regression and the analysis of variance helped validate the data derived from the findings because linear regression in isolation implements a statistical model that when relationships between indepe ndent and dependent relationships almost develop a linear relationship, optimal results will be achieved, but in the same manner, linear relationships can be inappropriatekly used to model nonlinear relationships if caution is not taken. Grissom was also involved in another co relational research study (cited in Grissom, 2005) aimed at investigating the relationship between academic achievement and physical fitness. The objective of this research study was the same as the previous research study cited in this article because it was aimed at evaluating the relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement although different parameters were used. For instance, although the study used the Fitnessgram test, scores derived from this measure was compared to the standard achievement test which is an independent from of standardized test used to evaluate student performance. The respondents were also fifth, seventh and ninth graders, just like the previous study, but they amoun ted to 884,174 students, which was a large sample size for the study. The students were selected from California public schools through the state requirements for the Fitnessgram test. The large population sampled is a great strength of the study because it is affirmed that, large samples of study add to the credibility of the conclusion to be derived from a study because they expose a lot of variations in the conclusions derived. Moreover, there are less chances of error occurrence when large samples are used. Another strength evidenced from this study is the fact that, it relied on the Fitnessgram test which is guaranteed by the California law as credible and accurate. In fact, Grissom (2005) explains that: â€Å"†¦During the month of February, March, April, or May, the governing board of each School district maintaining any of grades five, seven and nine shall administer to each pupil in those grades the physical performance test designated by the state board of educationâ €  (p. 19). These regulations expose the fact that, the Fitnessgram scores were consistent and standardized. Moreover, the Fitnessgram test has several options which ensure that performance tasks are effectively completed with ease. For example, it offered unique features to ensure even disabled students are able to complete the task; the same way, other students do. This feature ensured that, the conclusion derived from the study was holistic. In this study, the Fitnessgram test was used to measure five fitness aspects: â€Å"aerobic capacity, body composition, flexibility, trunk strength, and upper body strength† (Grissom, 2005, p. 19). In obtaining accurate data for the above parameters, the Fitnessgram test was designed to collect data by requiring students to complete â€Å"one option from aerobic capacity, one option from body composition, the curl-up test, the trunk lift test, one option from upper body strength and one option from flexibility† (Grissom, 2005 , p. 19). To add to the strengths of the findings obtained from this research study, it is important to acknowledge that, the standards envisioned in the Fitnessgram test were validated by the Cooper institute of Aerobics research with the performance classified into two divisions: where students met the healthy division target and where the students failed to meet the fitness target (Grissom, 2005, p. 20). The score ranged from zero to six; whereby zero meant no target was reached and six meant all targets were attained. In collecting data regarding the Fitnessgram test, PFT and STAR programs were used. As a result, matched files were created; whereby data regardiong the matched files were used to account for the PFT scores and standardized achievement scores. The standardized test came in handy during the collection of demographical information regarding the respondents because information such as the birth date and gender were clearly documented. However, in the collection of suc h demographical data, there was a slight possibility of the occurrence of errors as is explained by Grissom (2005) that: â€Å"As such, these data were used to evaluate the relationship between overall scores on the PFT and the standardized achievement tests. There could be errors in the matching process but there was no reason to believe matching errors biased the results† (p. 20). The study also established that, the relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement was consistently positive; meaning that, as the scores in the fitness scale improved, the scores in the academic scale also improved. The researchers also did a subgroup study on the different demographical parameters of the sample population and consequently came up with socioeconomic status and gender as the defining parameters. The criteria to segregate the population along socioeconomic lines was the same as the previous 2005 study mentioned in this article because it was established that, stude nts who enrolled in the school lunch feeding program was from a lower socioeconomic status and those who did not, were from a higher socioeconomic status. In this regard, the study established that, the intensity of the relationship between academic achievement and physical fitness was stronger for female respondents than male respondents and therefore, in the same manner; the relationship was stronger in higher socioeconomic groups as opposed to lower socioeconomic groups. Nonetheless, the researchers identified that: â€Å"there may be other mental aspects attributed to the improvement in academic performance than just physical fitness. The average test score by way of PFT was an average of the indicator relationship between fitness and achievement but to validate the statistical significance of the findings, the analysis of variance was used to validate the relationship between overall PFT score and the achievement scores† (Grissom, 2005, p. 21). Only students who had comp lete sores on the PFT tests had their results tabulated because there would have been some inconsistencies observed in the conclusions if there were test results below six included in the findings. If this was done, it would mean that, there would be incomplete test scores included in the study and this would have dented the validity of the study because the minimal competency for the study would not have been attained. ANOVA tests affirmed that there was a statistically significant relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement. However, it was acknowledged that, this positive correlation was also subject to other variables not mentioned in the study. For example, it was established that the positive correlation between physical fitness and academic achievement in students from higher socioeconomic groups could have been brought about by the fact that, children from a higher socioeconomic status have better health, hail from a background of higher academic achieveme nt and generally live in better human conditions which probably contribute to their better physical fitness levels (Grissom, 2005). On the other hand, students who hail from a lower socioeconomic status are more likely to suffer family turmoil, and their households are bound to be more unstable when compared to students hailing from a higher socioeconomic status. Such students are also likely to live in deplorable conditions which ultimately affect their health and have less social supportive networks. Generally, they are also likely to have less cognitive enriching environments because of a collection of the above factors or a combination of two or more factors (Grissom, 2005, p. 22). In the same regard, it was established that, despite the positive correlation between physical fitness and academic achievement, causality cannot be established from this relationship. Grissom (2005) explains that: â€Å"There was no time or logical ordering that automatically leads from one event to the other. It is just as logical to believe that mental capacity affects physical ability. For example, there is evidence that mental stress can lower the effectiveness of the immune system† (p. 21). From this analysis, it was affirmed that, the study only represented a preliminary analysis into the relationship existing between academic achievement and physical fitness but it was also affirmed that the study’s findings presented a good ground for the development of future models and theories defining the relationship between academic achievement and physical fitness. Experimental designs were also identified to fail to expose the causality underlying various co relational relationships because they were assumed to be premature and bound to fail to expose the underlying factors affecting the relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement. This fact was supported by the assumption that, it was extremely difficult to increase academic achievement in subse quent time-frames (Grissom, 2005). Nonetheless, these insights were not an argument against experimental designs because conclusively, the study established that, there was a positive relationship between academic achievement and physical fitness. Other research studies done to dig deeper into the specific areas of academic achievement showed that academic achievement was noted to improve most in mathematics and science subjects. In the same studies it was established that there was no significant improvement in performance of subjects other than the two. For instance, in Canada it was established that an increase of physical exercises of one hour each day resulted in a significant improvement in mathematics scores for second, third, fourth, fifths and sixth graders (Chomitz, 2009, p. 35). It was also established that there was no significant changes of academic performance in other subject areas. However, for some reason, the studies caution users from making direct conclusions abo ut the positive correlation between physical exercising and mathematics. New York City’s health department has also reiterated the fact that physically fit students are bound to outperform their colleagues who are sedentary when it comes to academic performance. These findings had been derived from research studies evaluating the relationship among high school students using the state’s test measurement criterion the NYC Fitnessgram (Harutyunyan, 2009, p. 1). The study was necessitated by the rising obesity levels among children in New York. The statistics exposed that about 21% of students at kindergarten level (all through to the 8th grade) were obese and comprehensively, it was estimated that the city’s total student population had an obesity prevalence rate of approximately 18% (Harutyunyan, 2009, p. 1). It was estimated that children who highly performed on both variables in the NYC fitness score tremendously outperformed those who got a poor score in the fitness program scale. The difference was characterized by 36 percentile points (Harutyunyan, 2009, p. 1). After it was established that there was a positive correlation between physical activities and academic excellence, the city’s educational administrators decided to sensitize parents on the benefits of eating healthy foods and allocating at least 60 minutes a day of their children’s time to exercising. A number of activities were identified as appropriate exercises parents could encourage their children to engage in (they included, cycling, dancing skipping the rope, playing basketball or even taking a simple walk). Among these factors, a host of other recommendations were identified to be helpful in improving the students’ activity levels. They included limiting the time students spent on the computers (and more so the internet). This also included television and video game use. The second recommendation advanced to parents was to prepare healthy foods for their children such as vegetables, and fruits, at least two times a day. It was also recommended that the children should not drink beverages that have a lot of calories like sodas or juice; instead they should consume low-fat milk and water. Parents were also advised to encourage their children to avoid unhealthy foods and consider the healthy foods and diets provided at school The above findings can be explained by Scheuer (2003, p. 3) who identifies the fact that physical exercises significantly boost students’ brain nourishment, and revitalizes the students’ brain function to eventually increase the student’s ability to perform well in cognitive learning exercises. Complimentary findings have also established that physical exercising among students increases students’ self-esteem, concentration and encourages better behavior, thereby leading to an increased positive attitude among students who fall within this category (Bailey, 2000, p. 75). However, there has not been a strong relationship established to link the above mentioned factors with excellent academic performance, although it is presumed that students with a high self-esteem, better behavior and high concentration levels are likely to perform better than those who do not share the same attributes. However, it has been affirmed that physical exercising is bound to increase academic achievement more effectively in the short run rather than the long run. Interesting studies done on older adults note that physical activity is likely to increase cognitive function among this group of students in the same way it does younger students (Scheuer, 2003, p. 3). This observation therefore explains the findings observed by Cottrell because it was further established that physical exercising was bound to increase brain attributes which facilitated increased cerebral blood flow in the brain (which obviously complimented cognitive learning) (Corbin, 2010, p. 64). In addition, it was also established that increased physical exercising was bound to improve hormonal imbalance and therefore instances of better nutritional intake among students was bound to be boosted. This observation was seconded by research studies cited in (Medical News, 2011) which suggested that a trio of studies presented at the 2001 Society for Neuroscience Conference suggest that regular exercise can improve cognitive function and increase levels of substances in the brain responsible for maintaining the health of neurons (p. 2). These findings are also supported by other similar findings by Darla Castelli, an American professor in Illinois (cited in Medical News, 2011) who establishes that â€Å"students’ total fitness, as measured by passing all 5 components of the Fitnessgram, positively correlated with academic achievement, measured by the standardized Illinois State Achievement Test, particularly Mathematics and Science† (p. 5). Brain functions were further identified to significantly improve due to increased physical exercises because there were increased instances of energy generation brought about by physical exercises because physical exercises provided a break from the boring classroom environment, therefore resulting in higher attention levels among students. In conclusion to these findings, Medical News (2011) recommends that: â€Å"Enhanced brain function, energy levels, body builds/perceptions, self-esteem, and behavior have been attributed to physical activity and to improved academic performance. One cannot make direct correlations from the information offered. However it is obvious that many positive relationships have been suggested. Perhaps instead of decreasing physical activity, school officials should consider developing enhanced physical activity programs† (p. 3). Studies done by John Gardner centre (cited in Gardner, 2009, p. 1) also show a positive correlation between physical fitness and academic performance based on demo graphical factors. Comprehensively, they identify that students who managed to pass the California Physical fitness test also showed a similar higher performance in the state’s standardized test (Rahl, 2010, p. 81). It was further established that the positive relationship exhibited between physical exercising and positive academic outcomes did not start at the time the studies were done, but at a year before the studies were undertaken. Moreover, upon close follow-up of the research, it was established that the same observations were evidenced throughout the academic life of the studied students (Gardner, 2009, p. 1). Since the study was undertaken within two years, it was affirmed that students who showed increased physical activity between their fifth and seventh grades showed a significant increase in academic achievement as well, but the opposite was observed with students whose physical fitness declined within the two year period. However, it was established that the ac ademic achievement observed among highly fit students was only evident when general fitness was studied and not a specific fitness measure (Gardner, 2009, p. 1). Regardless of the conclusions derived from the above findings, it should not be assumed that physical fitness is the magical solution to students who do not enjoy high academic performance (Biddle, 2008, p. 186). For instance, students who take part in academic programs hampered by limited facilities cannot enjoy high academic excellence even if they are physically fit. To reiterate this sentiment, Biddle (2008) notes that â€Å"We’re not suggesting that if we run more laps it will make us smarter†¦but there does appear to be a correlation† (p. 4). This fact therefore implies that academic achievement is just one segment of the academic achievement puzzle. Because of the interesting intrigues about physical fitness and academic achievement, it is affirmed that a number of strategies can be adopted to impr ove students’ fitness even though a learning institution may be faced with other educational problems such as a lack of resources. For starters, learning institutions should endeavor to maximize existing opportunities in the school curriculum to improve the physical fitness of the students. This can be achieved by making use of the instructional time available for teachers in effecting physical education through the integration of physical fitness activities with other subject activities (Gardner, 2009, p. 1). This recommendation has been touted by many educationists after it was established that students find the above strategy quite beneficial if the instructional time is used to undertake a given rigorous activity. Another alternative could be revamping the conventional school menu to give room for healthier diets (especially if there is very limited time to allocate for traditional physical exercising). Expanding partnerships between communities and learning institutions has also been advanced as one way through which institutions of learning can provide fitness related programming which is out of the boundaries of normal instructional time (Gardner, 2009, p. 1). The partnerships can be forged with community foundations, organization and even the state, through existing sport programs that may be beneficial to the students. Lastly, learning institutions can pursue a strategy of engaging the community to increase physical activity among the students. The community also includes parental involvement which is very important in the exercise because parents normally wield a lot of control on their children and most of them are also mentors to their children in their own light. Conclusion This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge which identifies that there is a positive correlation between physical fitness and academic achievement. It is also important to note that most of the empirical evidence gathered in this study is derived from a numb er of socioeconomic parameters across the globe, meaning that the same conclusions have been evidenced in a number of places around the world and across a number of demographical strata. There is a stronger evidence of a positive relation between physical fitness and academic achievement when analyzed in a number of subjects but more especially mathematics and sciences. The reason this observation is stronger in this group of subjects is not yet established and perhaps this should be the new frontier for future research studies. Although not many studies bother to touch on the real factors behind the positive relationship between physical exercising and academic performance, there is already speculation among educational circles that personal motivation may be a factor to watch considering physical exercising may actually portray a sense of personal achievement which may be mirrored through academic achievement (Chomitz, 2009, p. 35). This means that students who are highly motivate d at a personal level may as well strive to expose the same in physical exercising as well as academic excellence. Secondly, there has been speculation that physical activity may actually be a mirror of overall fitness of health where factors like nutrition, physical and weight status may actually portray a healthy student and such parameters are likely to lead to high academic achievement. This would essentially mean that academic achievement is probably evidenced because of overall good health as opposed to physical activity per se. In fact, there are already existing research studies exposing the link between good health and high academic achievement where factors like weight status, food sufficiency and such like general health status have been studied. This should be analyzed as its own distinct area of study and therefore its conclusions should not be augmented when analyzing physical fitness as a distinct independent variable. However, it should also be acknowledged that vari ous socioeconomic parameters play a big role in the increase of academic standards. This analysis is important because numerous studies have consistently mentioned the input of a student’s background because it extensively determines students’ academic performance. This also poses as a new area of research considering the relationship between physical fitness and academic performance could be done based on various socioeconomic statuses. Conclusively, this study points out that there is a positive correlation between physical exercising and academic achievement. Expressly, it also identifies how learning institutions can be able to maximize this benefit through partnerships, effective utilization of institutional time and such like factors. Allocating at least an hour a day to physical exercises is a commendable move according to medical experts because it improves brain activity and this consequently leads to an improvement of academic standards. Thus, in light of the positive influences physical activities has on academic progression it is in order to recommend that learning institutions should allocate more time to physical activities to improve educational performance because there is an obvious positive correlation between physical exercising and academic achievement. References Bailey, R. (2000). Teaching Physical Education 5-11. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. Biddle, S. (2008). Psychology of Physical Activity: Determinants, Well-Being, and  Interventions. London: Routledge. California Department of Education. (2005) A Study of the Relationship Between  Physical Fitness and Academic Achievement in California Using 2004 Test Results. Retrieved from: www.cde.ca.gov/ta/tg/pf/documents/2004pftresults.doc Chomitz, V. (2009). Is There a Relationship between Physical Fitness And Academic Achievement? Positive Results from Public School Children in the Northeastern United States. Journal of School Health, 79(1), 30-36. Corb in, C. (2010). Fitness for Life: Elementary School Guide for Wellness Coordinators. New York: Human Kinetics. Cottrell. (2010). Students Physical Fitness Associated With Academic Achievement;  Organized Physical Activity. Retrieved from: physorg.com/news186776754.html Gardner, J. (2009). Exploring the Link between Physical Fitness and  Academic Achievement. Retrieved from: http://gardnercenter.stanford.edu/current_initiatives/youth_archive.html Grissom, J. (2005). Physical Fitness and Academic Achievement.  Journal of Exercise Physiology, 8(1), 11-24. Harutyunyan, R. (2009). Physical Fitness Associated With Higher Academic  Achievement. Retrieved from: emaxhealth.com/2/81/32246/physical-fitness-associated-higher-academic-achievement.html Kirk, D. (2006). The Handbook of Physical Education. London: SAGE. Medical News. (2011). Strong Relationship between Kids Academic Achievement And  Fitness. Retrieved from: news-medical.net/news/2004/10/19/5684.aspx Rahl, R. (2010). Physic al Activity and Health Guidelines: Recommendations for Various  Ages, Fitness Levels, and Conditions from 57 Authoritative Sources. New York: Human Kinetics. Scheuer, L. J. (2003). Does Physical Activity Influence Academic Performance?  Retrieved from: sports-media.org/sportapolisnewsletter19.htm Science Daily. (2010). Students Physical Fitness Associated With Academic  Achievement; Organized Physical Activity. Retrieved from: sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100302185522.htm

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 21

Marketing - Essay Example In choosing a car, various decisions have been made as the customer progresses from one phase to the next. In pre-purchase for example, after the consumer has recognized a need in the form of a problem or an opportunity, the choice of where to look for information as regards the available alternatives to address the problem or opportunity is one of the decisions to be made. The choice of how much time and effort, i.e. her level of involvement in the decision, is also one of the decisions that she would make. She may look for information in the Internet, or she may decide to visit a car dealer to inquire about the product. After the consumer gathers enough information as regards her choices for the car models, the consumer will have to decide on what attributes she gives much emphasis, which will eventually constitute her criteria for the purchase decision. After she has determined her choice of brand,.she has to deal with smaller decisions such as the model of the car she would get, and the specifications. Sometimes, the choice of financing is part of the decision process, and could influence the purchase of one brand over the other. After she has made her choice based on her set of criteria, the next decision she has to make is how to place her order, i.e. the distribution channel. She can either choose to go to a nearby dealer, or place her order in the Internet if her chosen brands website has such an option available. The consumers last decision as regards the buying process would be an action that is prompted by her evaluation of the product. Her last decision will depend on the level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction concerning her purchase, i.e. advocacy, positive feedback, no action, positive feedback, or lawsuit for extreme cases. C. What kinds of benefits marketing managers get from the study of consumer behavior? In other words, identify any kinds of managerial implications which will be helpful for designing marketing strategies or

Management - Psychological Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management - Psychological Contract - Essay Example Most employers try to retain employees is through making promises. However, most of the promises made may not be achievable. This process through which organizations makes promises is termed as psychological contract (O'neill, Krivokapic-Skoko & Dowell, 2010). The case provided is a clear example of the psychological contract. Failing to meet the promises lead to a phenomenon that is called psychological contract breach. Psychological contract breach is a significant problem mainly because it fosters a belief within employees that the organization does not support them. It is a main obstacle facing the employees in most of the organization today (Chen, Tsui & Zhong, 2008). Psychological contracts are those perceptions that employees have on employer related to the training, promotion, or any other promise not explicitly recognized in formal contract. These forms of psychological contract are normally used by most of the employers to entice the employees into accepting the job being o ffered by the employer. Principally, under normal situation, the employer-employee relationship is expected that the employer offer compensation to the employee for the performance of the job duties. Chen, Tsui & Zhong (2008) describes the psychological contracts as mental templates that sum up the perceived promises that employees believe that the organization has made to them in exchange for their efforts on behalf of the organization. As mentioned above, psychological contracts are beneficial and useful to both the employer and employee. For the employer, psychological contract constitute the best way in which an organization can advertise for the job vacancies. Psychological contracts are used to attract the attention of the applicant and make them loyal to the company. For the side of employee, psychological contract becomes beneficial only if they are fulfilled (Tyagi & Agrawal, 2010). Psychological contract breach is a term used to describe the inability of the employer to fu lfill the psychological contracts or the promises that he or she made during the recruitment period. The case study is a typical example of psychological contract breach. This is because the employer did not fulfill what he had promised the recruited. Just as the case depicts, psychological contract breach results in reduced performance, negative attitudes and more importantly, withdrawal behaviors. The problems associated with the psychological contract breach pose particular concern for organizations (Bordia, Restubog & Tang, 2008). Fundamentally, most organization tries their best to fulfill their psychological contracts but a number of factors limit them from meeting this objective. These factors include downsizing, outsourcing and rapid change. Consequently, avoiding psychological contract breach is a difficult task for the current organizations. The case presented in the case study implies that employees had higher expectation form the company. However, as they starts working in the company, they realized that they are not getting what they expected. They found out that the kind of jobs or duties they are given are below their standards. They end up becoming psychologically tortured. They also loss confidence in the organization. As they plan to leave their job, they feel that they may not get another job. This means that these employees need to be advised on what they should

Construction Project Delay: Causes and Effects

Construction Project Delay: Causes and Effects In this chapter, I will discuss types, causes and effects of delay of project in the construction industry. Besides that, I will also discuss the method to minimize the delays happening in construction industry 2.2 Type of Delay In construction industry, there are the categories of delays used in determining delay damage as shown in table 2.1 Figure 2.1 Types of Delay 2.2.1 Excusable delays Excusable delay as define a delay that is due to an unforeseeable event beyond the contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s or the subcontractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s control. Usually, based on common general provisions in public agency specifications, delay resulting from the following events would be considered excusable such as fires, floods, owner-directed changes, errors and omissions in the contract drawing, unusually severe weather and etc. Excusable delays can be further classified into excusable with compensation and excusable without compensation. 2.2.1.1 Excusable with compensation Compensation delays are caused by the owner or the owners agents. An example of this would be the drawings late release from the owners architect. An excusable, compensable delay normally leads to a schedule extension and exposes the owner to financial damages claimed by the contractor. In this scenario, the contractor incurs additional indirect costs for both extended field office and home office overhead and unabsorbed home office overhead. 2.2.1.2 Excusable delays without compensation Non-compensable delays are caused by third parties or incidents beyond the control of both the owner and the contractor. Examples typically include acts of God, unusual weather, strikes, fires, acts of government in its sovereign capacity, etc. In this case, the contractor is normally entitled to claim extension of time but no compensation for delay damages 2.2.2 Non-excusable delays Non-excusable delays are cause by lack of performance of the contractor on the construction project. This delay can be cause by underestimates of productivity, improper project planning and scheduling, poor site management and supervision, wrong construction methods, equipment breakdowns, unreliable subcontractors or suppliers. Therefore, it is contractor responsibilities to continue their work with no entitlement to claim for extension of time or delay damages until they completed the project. For instance, a contractor failure to provide an adequate material to completed their job. 2.2.3 Concurrent Delay Concurrent delay is a problem that happening on most of the construction industry project. This issue arises when two or more delaying event at the same time in a project cannot complete on time. In this situation, both owner and contractor are responsible for the delay. Commonly concurrent delays which involve any two or more excusable delays result in extension of time. When excusable with compensation and non-excusable delays are concurrent, an extension of time can be issued or the delay can be distribution between the owner and the contractor. Concurrent delay can be categories in three types of delays: If excusable and non-excusable delays occur concurrently, the contractor only to allow claim for extension of time: If excusable with compensation and excusable without compensation delays occur concurrently, the contractor is entitle to claim extension of time but no delay damages: If two excusable with compensation delays occur concurrently, the contractor is entitled to claim extension of time and delay damages. For instance, a concurrent delay would be if the owner failure to give more detail regarding either using ceramic tile or homogeneous tile for toilet floor finishes. But at the same time contractor made with own decision and using ceramic tile for toilet floor finishes but actually owner plan using homogeneous tile. In this situation, the contractor cannot claim for damages. It is because contractor is not follow owner instruction but he can claim for extension of time with owner failure to give more detail of drawing 2.3 Causes of delays Figure 2.2 Causes of delays Based on the researched done through by journal, books, and some other reference. Project delay can be causes by a lot of parties which is shown in the Figure 2.2. They are include client, contractor, consultant, labour, material, equipment, financial and some external causes. 2.3.1 Caused of Client Related Delays Figure 2.3 Factors of client related delays 2.3.1.1 Lack of experience of client in construction According to Koushki, et al. (2005) identified factors of lack of experiences of client in construction project have high influence to the causes of delays. Some of the project delay cause by client due to not enough experience especially fresh developer. Most of the time, client facing a problem and do not know how to solve it immediately because of no experience. During client finding the way to solve the problem, some of the work could not progress. Finally, the whole project delay because of some particular work delay. 2.3.1.2 Change order According to Odeh and Battaineh (2002) mentioned the factors of change orders that contribute to causes of delaysà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Client always change the design during the construction period, during the same time that will affect whole project delay. It is because contractor cannot carry out his work until the latest drawing issue by architect. Consequently contractor cannot be done within the contract period. Most of the current project delay because of change order by client. For instance, a project almost complete but client change certain part of design and instruct contractor carry out the additional work. After done the whole project, the contractor found out was exceeding contract period. 2.3.1.3 Client interference According to Long, et al. (2004) studied the factors client interference that contributes to causes of delays in construction project. Some of the client instruct contractor to carry out additional work without ask architect promise. During the contractor carry out additional work, some of the work could not progress and it will be delay immediately. On the other hand, client do not follow the procedure such as did not mention architect issue an architect instruction. Finally it will affect the whole project delay. 2.3.2 Causes of contractor related delay Figure 2.4 Factors of contractor related delay 2.3.2.1 Inadequate contractor experience Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) studied the factors of inadequate contractor experience as contributor to causes of delays. Long, ET al. (2004) mentioned the factors of inadequate contractor experience that contribute to causes of delays in construction project. Battaineh (2002) identified the factors of inadequate contractor experience as contributors to causes of delays. In construction industry, some of the delay projects are facing a problem during construction period. But at the same time contractor could not solved the problem immediately because of no experience. During the contractor finding method to solve the problem, some of the works totally stop because of that problem. After the problem was solved, those work keeping continue but run out from the schedule. Finally, the whole project will influence delay. 2.3.2.2 Inaccurate time estimate According to Long, et al. (2004) identified the factors of inaccurate time estimating that contribute to causes of delays in construction project.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Time estimates are important as inputs into other technique used to manage and structure for all projects. An inaccurate time estimation technique may cause a project delay. For instance, in some delay project, the contractor do not allowed time for some common problem always happen during the construction stage such as breakdown of equipment, miss deliveries by supplies, accidents and emergencies and so on. Because of this problem the actual time will run out from the estimated. So, the whole project could be facing delay. 2.3.2.3 Inaccurate of cost estimate According to Long, et al. (2004) also mentioned that, the factors of inaccurate cost estimating that contribute to causes of delays in construction project. Construction estimating errors can be very expensive and embarrassing. Inaccurate of cost estimate contribute a lot of cause such as wrong measurements from contract drawing, using incorrect units of measure, material improperly priced and the most common mistakes in arithmetic . Sometime contractor because of inaccurate of cost estimate measurement again for that particular work. Finally, due to re-measurement time some of the work will influence delay and it will also affect whole project to delay. 2.3.2.4 Poor site management and supervision Battaineh (2002) studied that, the factors of poor site management and supervision as contributors to causes of delays. Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) identified the factors of poor site management and supervision that contribute to causes of delays. In construction industry, some of the project team a lack of management and supervision due team member without any experience and skill such as hire person who are fresh graduate. Once they facing problem but do not know how to solve it. Besides that, some of the supervisor did not cooperation with their team member due to lack of communicated. Finally, because of cannot solve the problem immediately the whole project influence delay. 2.3.3 Causes of Consultant Related Delays Figure 2.5 Factors of consultant related delays 2.3.3.1 Inadequate consultant experience According to Long, et al. (2004) studied the factors of inadequate consultant experience as contributors to causes of delays. In construction industry, they are many consultants carry out their work without experience. Besides that, there are many causes of a consultant without experience which include different site conditions, mismanagement and maladministration, site access restrictions, defective plan and/or specification. For instances, some of the architects only concentrated in certain part of building and do not have any experience in other type. Once architect design on that particular type of building without experiences, he will facing a lot of mistake and no ideas during design and because of this architect will delay issue the drawing. Finally, the works cannot process and it will affect the whole project delay. 2.3.3.2 Poor design and delay in design According to Ogunlana, et al.(1996) mentioned the factors of poor design and delay in design that contribute to causes of delays in construction project. Design is every important to any project, without good design the whole project will influence delay. It is because in a project if facing poor design that will facing demolish and rebuilt again. This problem happens because of the designer lack of experience. For instance, an architect designs a column in the middle of classroom. Once the contractor without any experience and construct the work exactly shown in the drawing. Finally 2.3.3.3 Incomplete drawing and detail design Long, et al. (2004) identified the factors of incomplete drawing and detail design as contributors to causes of delays. Ogunlana, et al. (1996) studied the factors of incomplete drawing and detail design that contribute to causes of delays in construction project. During construction, the contractor is carrying out the work but because of drawing is unclear and none very detail shown in the drawing. He could not continue the work with problem, so the works have to stop immediately until get more detail of that particular drawing from consultant responds. Because of without detail drawing the work could not be progress, so it will affect the tat particular work delay and it will also influence the whole project delay. 2.3.4 Causes of labour related delays Figure 2.6 Factors of labour related delays 2.3.4.1 Labour supply Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) identified the factors of slow labor supply that contribute to causes of delays. Odeh and Bataineh (2002) in their research identified à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the factors of labor supply as contributors to causes of delays. Besides material, the labour also consider as major source in the construction industry. Generally, labour are categories into two groups such as skilled workers and unskilled workers. In construction industry without labour project could not run. For instance, during construction, materials are ready to but no worker carrying out the work. During the same time because of no worker to progress of work, the project will confront project delay. 2.3.4.2 Shortage of skilled worker According to Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) mentioned the factor of shortage of skill labor is the most important factor that contributed to causes of delays. Skilled worker is a worker who has some special skill, knowledge and ability in his job and also gets highest pay such as plasterer, carpenter, painter, and concreter. Those skilled workers are learning the skills on the job. In construction, some contractors do not hire skilled workers because of higher labour cost and he employs some unskilled workers. At the same time skilled workers do not want get the job from the contractor with lower labour cost. Finally the unskilled workers could not complete the work on time. So, because of shortage of skilled worker affect whole project delay. 2.3.4.3 Labor of productivity According to Ogunlana, et al. (1996) studied the factor of labor productivity having high influence to causes of delays. Labor of productivity; generally define as output per labour hour. There are many factors that influence on the labour productivity. One of the factors is workers experience, labour with high experience and high skills in field leads to high performance at workplace. Besides that, attitude also will affect productivity of labour. For instance, a worker can lay one meter square per hour but because of lazy. Finally he using three hours to finish laid the brick wall. Because of this factor, the progress work delay and it will also influence the whole project delay. 2.3.5 Causes of Material related Delay Figure 2.7 Factors of material related delay 2.3.5.1 Shortage of construction materials Koushki, et al. (2005) mentioned that, factor shortage of construction material that contribute to causes of delays. Ogunlana, et al. (1996) identified the factor of shortage of material as a factor to causes of delay. Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) studied that factors shortage of material as contributors that contribute to causes of delays. Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) identified the factor of shortage of material that contribute to causes of delays. Material shortage is a potential source of construction delay. The major causes of material shortage is demand exceed supply. In construction have a lot type of material and the three main courses are cement, formwork and steel bar. Besides that, material is one of the main sources in construction industry. It is because without material project cannot construct. If a project facing the material shortage problem will be delay. For instance, a project having shortage ceramic tiles even though the labours ready for tiling. In this situatio n, the project will facing delay project. 2.3.5.2 Late delivery of materials Ogunlana, et al. (1996) identified the factor of late delivery of material as a factor to causes of delay. Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) studied the factor of late delivery of material that contribute to causes of delays. Late delivery of material as a supplier fault due to high market demand; however the long procedure of the purchasing order from head office was complained. In construction, it factor is similar to the material shortage such as the labour ready for work but no material to do their work. Once contractor cannot receive the material on time that will be delay work and it will also affect project delay. For example, workers want to install the windows but without frame because of late delivery to site. So, the work will be delay and it will affect project delay. 2.3.5.3 Poor quality of construction materials Koushki, et al. (2005) mentioned that factor poor quality of material that contribute to causes of delays. Ogunlana, et al. (1996) identified the factor of poor quality of material as a factor to causes of delay. Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) studied the factor of poor quality of material that contribute to causes of delays. Poor quality of material is construct building with using poor quality of material. The contractor has intention to cheat owner to earn more profit by change the quality of material such as concrete. For instance, a contractor cast a column with using Y 20 steel bar but actual in contract drawing is Y 25. After site staff done the inspection for this column and found that the steel bar inside column is Y 20 and ask contractor demolish the column to rebuild. In this case, time taken to rebuild the column will also affect project delay. 2.3.5.4 Escalation of material prices Ogunlana, et al. (1996) identified the factor of escalation of material prices as a factor to causes of delay. Wiguna and Scoot (2005) studied the factor of escalation of material prices was one factor that contribute to causes of delays. Escalation of material prices will cause shortage material in construction. It is because the market rate is keeping increasing. Some of the contractor does not buy the expensive material. During same time, the construction without material cannot run so the project will influence the project delay. For instance, a contractor because of material cost of market demands higher and does not make any order for material until material shortage. Finally, the construction cannot run without material and it will affect delay project also. 2.3.6 Causes of Equipment Related Delays Figure 2.8 Factors of Equipment related delays 2.3.6.1 Insufficient number of equipment According to Ogunlana, et al. (1998) identified the factors of insufficient numbers of equipment is the most significant factors that contribute to causes of delays. In construction stage, contractors are facing not enough machinery to produce work. It is because some of the contractors do not have a large capital to purchase that machinery due to higher cost. Once the projects carry out with not enough machinery, it will influence whole project delay. For instance, there are two works to be done by using towel crane but in site only one towel crane available. Finally, two of work could not be done at the same time due to not enough towel cranes. 2.3.6.2 Frequent equipment breakdown McCaffer (1998) studied the factors of equipment breakdown as contributors to causes of delays. Ogunlana, et al. (1998) mentioned the factor of frequent equipment breakdown is the most significant factors that contribute to causes of delays. In construction industry, some of the machinery always breakdown due to improper using by worker such as do not follow the instruction. For instance, machinery only can support for five hundred kilograms of material but during worker using that machinery and his carry out six hundred kilograms of material. Finally, the machinery will breakdown. Once machinery breakdown, the work will be stop immediately and affect some work delay. Finally, because of machinery breakdown the whole project will also influence delay. 2.3.6.3 Shortage of Equipment Parts According to Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) identified the factor of shortage of equipment parts that contribute to causes of delays. After machinery breakdown, the technical carry out the repair work for the breakdown of equipment. During the same time, some part of machinery none have stock in market. Because of no spare part to repair the machinery, some of the works facing stop progress immediately. Consequently, it will influence whole project to be delay. 2.3.7 Causes of Financial Related Delays Figure 2.9 Factors of Financial related delays 2.3.7.1 Clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial difficulties According to Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) identified the factors of clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial difficulties as contributor to causes of delays. During the construction, client will face some financial problem arise from unanticipated emergencies or financial mismanagement such as global financial crisis. Besides that, a client proposes a new development without borrow term loan or bridging loan from the bank. On the other hand, improper cost planning is a most serious problem for those clients facing in current delay project. For instance, during pre-construction stage a client do not planning cost properly and he will facing a lot of problem in construction stage such as no enough capital to pay contractor payment. Finally, because of contractor did not receive payment to influence whole project delay. 2.3.7.2 Delay payment to suppliers/subcontractor According to Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) mentioned the factors of inadequate fund allocation and delay payment to subcontractor/suppliers as contributor to causes of delays in construction project. Due to sub- contractor do not take their responsibility to done the work on time. The contractor will delay the payment until they complete the job. But at the same time, the sub-contractor refuse to work because of not yet receive payment. As a consequently, the whole project will be influence delay due to sub-contractor refuse to work. 2.3.7.3 Contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial difficulties According to Ogunlana, et al. (1996) studied the factors of contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial difficulties having high influence to causes of delays. Poor financial management has been known as one of the factors why certain project cannot complete within contract period. Because of contractor lack of experience and could not manage their capital properly. On the other hand, because of delay payment by client contractor not enough money to cover up all sub-contractors and suppliers payment. Finally, the sub-contractor and suppliers refuse to work and supply material to the site and because of this factor the whole will influence delay. 2.3.8 Causes of External Related Delays Figure 2.10 Factors of external related delays 2.3.8.1 Weather condition Odeh and Battaineh (2002) identified the factors of weather condition as contributors to causes of delays. Long, et al. (2004) mentioned factors weather condition as factors ofexternal related delays. AL-Momani (2000) studied the factor of weather condition as contributors to causes of delays in construction project. During the construction period, weather is a factor to influence the whole project delay. It because weather condition that interfere with planned activities. Some activities can process but other cannot. For instances, during the worker cast the ground floor slab, but because of raining that particular work to be delay. 2.3.8.2 Slow site clearance According to Long, et al. (2004) identified factors of slow site clearance as factors of external related delays. During begin of construction stage, the responsibility party should have to carry out their work for site clearance immediately. Without clearance the site construction work cannot process. In some delay project found that, the third party did not take their responsibility to finish the site clearance within the period. Consequently, the whole project delay because of site clearance works delay. 2.4 Effect of Delays According to Aibinu and Jagboro (2002) identified the effects of construction delays on project delivery in Nigerian construction industry. They also said that the six major effects of delays follow by rank which include time overrun, cost overrun, dispute, arbitration, litigation, and total abandonment as shown in the Table 2.11 Effects of Delay Rank Time overrun 1 Cost overrun 2 Dispute 3 Arbitration 4 Litigation 5 Total Abandonment 6 Source : Aibinu and Jagboro (2002) Table 2.11 The effect of delays 2.4.1 Time overrun Time overrun it mean contractor could not carry out their work within contract period. In generally, time overrun can be categories into two group which include excusable delays and non-excusable. Once the project facing time overrun, it will affect the progress of work cannot finish on time. Besides that, the fault party will take the responsibility to pay the relevant parties for damages because of delay. For instance, during the project almost completed, but at the same time contractor because of exceptionally implement weather cannot completed the project within contract period. In this situation the contractor entitle to claim extension of time. On the other hand, if that contractor cannot complete the work within contract period due to his own fault. So the contractor no entitle to claim extension of time and he need to pay liquated damages. As stated in Persatuan Arkitek Malaysia form 2006 (PAM form 2006), which certain clauses stating about the damages by employer due to this event. It stated that in clauses below. 2.3.1.1 Clause 22.1 Liquidated Damage and Certificate of Non-Completion If the contractor fails to complete the works by the Completion Date, and the architect is of the opinion that the same ought reasonably so to have been completed, the architect shall issue a certificate of Non-completion. Upon the issuance of the certificate of Non-Completion the contractor shall pay or allow to the Employer a sum calculated at the rate stated in the Appendix as Liquidated Damages for the period from the Completion Date to the Date of Practical Completion. The Employer may recover such sum from the Performance Bond. The Employer shall inform the contractor in writing of such deduction or such debt due to from the contractor. The imposition of Liquated Damages by the Employer shall not be taken into account by the Architect in the issuance of payment certificates and Final Certificate, and is not subject to the set-off procedures under clause 30.4 and adjudication. 2.3.1.2 Clause 23.1 Submission of notice and particulars for extension of time If the Contractor is of the opinion that the completion of the Work is or will be delayed beyond the completion Date by any of the Relevant Event stated in Clause 23.8, he may apply for an extension of time provided always that 2.3.1.3 Clause 23.8 Relevant Events Exceptionally implement weather 2.4.2 Cost overrun During construction stages, the client and contractor always facing of cost overrun. Cost overrun  is an unexpected  cost  incurred in excess of a budgeted amount, due to  cost underestimation. Cost overrun is related to time overrun, once a project cannot be done in time, it will also affect the cost of project over budget. Commonly, cost overrun always happen due to contractor own fault such as inaccurate of cost estimate and he need to take responsibility to pay owner loss and expense. For instance, a contractor because of improper cost planning due to cost overrun. Finally, the owner set of his loss and expense from the contractor interim payment. 2.4.3 Dispute In construction industry, some of project delay because of dispute between contractual parties such as client, consultants, contractor and some relevant parties. Those disputes because of client failure make payment to the contractor. Once dispute happen, the relevant parties will go through with mediation. The mediator will make a decision to solve the problem. But if one of the parties does not accept the decision made by mediator, the parties will appeal the decision with arbitrator. If both parties accept the decision and the fault parties will take responsibility to pay damages for project delay. 2.4.4 Arbitration In current delay project, some of the contractual parties do not accept the mediator decision and they appeal in arbitration. Arbitrator will also make the decision to solve the problem. But if one of the parties does not accept the decision again made by Arbitrator, they still can appeal the decision in litigation. 2.4.5 Litigation In some delay project, the relevant parties because of still do not accept with the arbitrator decision. They are appeal the result in litigation which is dispute resolution in the courts. In litigation, the parties have a trial either by a court alone or by jury. If those parties are not satisfied judgment again, then they can appeal again if they have any new evidence to proof their right. But one the parties accept with the judgment, the faulty of parties need take responsibility to pay the penalty 2.4.6 Total abandonment Total abandonment it means the whole project stop immediately because of client facing financial difficulties. Some of the current delay project totally abandoned because of clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s or contractor problem which include clients bankruptcy, contractor run away, poor marketing and sales strategies and so on. The effect of project totally abandoned will affect many parties such as contractual parties which include contractor, consultant, sub-contractor, supplier and some other relevant parties. Besides those parties, the purchasers will also suffer in cost damages due to project abandoned. 2.5 Methods of minimizing construction delays According to Nguyen, et al. (2004), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“studied the factors that can be applied as a method of minimizing of construction delays as follows: competent project manager; frequent progress meeting; accurate initial cost estimates; accurate initial time estimates; awarding bids to the right/experience consultant and contractor.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? During pre-construction stage, a client should employ a depth knowledge project manager to organize a good project team member to progress the work. Besides that, the project team member should be always discussing with the problem having during the site progress. On the other hand, contractor should be employs some employee with experience such as quantity surveyor. So that, during the time or cost estimate they can add on some unforeseen event to avoid the cost and time overrun. Furthermore, the developer should be hire some experience consultant and contractor.iot is because once they facing problem, they can refer previous project to so lve the problem immediately. So, the project can process with smoothly. According to Aibinu and Jagboro (2002), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“identified two methods to minimize or if possible eliminate time overrun were: acceleration of site activities, and contingency allowance.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? During construction stages, the contractor should carry out his responsibility to make sure the work progress can complete in time. If found that work progress are not equal to the estimate schedule. The contractor may carry out with acceleration such as hire additional worker. Besides that, the client may allow contractor standby some extra cost for unforeseen event such as accidents. According to Koushki, et al. (2005), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“revealed that the minimization of time delays and cost overruns would require: ensure adequate and available source of finance until project completion; ensure timely delivery of materials.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? During pre-construction, a client may prepare a good cash flow within the contract period. Once the client does not enough money to cover up construction cost, he can borrow a term loan or bridging loan from the bank to cover the cost until the whole project completed. It will avoid project delay due to client not enough capital. Besides that, the contractors make sure that material are order with a reliable suppliers and can receive it on time. Acco